@article { author = {Kazemian, Gholamreza and Abdollahpour, Mehdi and Abbasi, Atefeh}, title = {The study and prioritization of effective factors on improving the business environment in Mena countries}, journal = {Journal of International Business Administration}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, pages = {1-20}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تبریز}, issn = {2588-5057}, eissn = {2717-2465}, doi = {10.22034/jiba.2018.7595}, abstract = {Introduction Improving the business environment has always been one of the main goals of the prevailing economic regimes in the countries, and ways to achieve this goal are a challenge for policy-makers. In this research, efforts have been made to examine the factors affecting the improvement of the business environment based on the Ease of doing business of the World Bank and the importance of these factors in the order of priority to be identified. The present study was conducted with panel data of 17 countries in the MENA region during the period 2010-2015. In this study, a regression model has been used that examines the impact of each of the under-indicators of the business environment on improving the business environment. Considering the results, the resolving insolvency has the greatest impact on the improvement of the business environment, and subsequently the enforcing contracts and dealing with construction permits will rank next.   Literature and the theoretical background Encouraging investment and entrepreneurship is one of the main pillars of creating people-centered growth in society. Investing and entrepreneurship in a country depend on creating a favorable business environment. Because a number of factors affecting the performance of enterprises are beyond the control of investors and economic activists, which is known in the literature as the business environment. Considering that the conditions of the business environment of each country are one of the main factors affecting the decision making of investors, the attention of economists and policymakers to improving the business environment and investment has increased significantly in recent years. So that the business environment keyword in the management and macroeconomics literature has won a special place. Even in the strategic management literature, Porter has focused on the competitiveness of firms in the competitiveness of nations and the role of government laws and policymakers in this area (Porter, 1990). Today, the creation of a platform for the competitiveness of the private sector and economic enterprises is one of the key roles and responsibilities of the governments (Osborne & Gaebler, 1992). The impact of the favorable business environment, the increase in the attraction of domestic and foreign investment, employment creation and GDP growth are not overlooked and even though our country has been ranked among the countries in favor of the business environment for many years, unfortunately, it has not been able to rank well among countries. These conditions have now made the business environment improving, given the challenges facing the country's economy, an indispensable necessity for the country. However, it seems that there is not suitable environment to create the right environment for investment and business in our country. In order to achieve the true position of the Iranian economy in the area of the business environment index, which is as a way to the development of the route, important steps should be taken (Bakhtiari & Shayesteh, 1391). In this paper, we have tried to identify the most important factors affecting the business environment in the ease of doing business by using the econometric methods and the World Bank data. In other words, the authors have sought to answer this question, which are the most important factors affecting the improvement of the business environment in the countries under study?   Methods The research community in this study is developing countries. Given the existing constraints and research objectives, a sample of countries should be selected as a sample to study in these countries. Therefore, some of the developing countries with the title "MENA countries" were selected as the case study for the present study. The names of these countries are given in Table (1). The information needed for this study has been gathered using secondary data, mainly from the World Bank resources and the official ease of doing business index. In order to analyze the data in this study, the regression method of panel data and stata software constructed by the Stato Clap Company has been used. In this study, a regression model was used to examine the effect of each of the following indicators of the business environment on improving the business environment.   Table 1. Research sample (MENA countries) Row Country Name Row   Row Country Name 1 Algeria 7 Tunisia 13 Morocco 2 Bahrain 8 United Arab Emirates 14 Oman 3 Jibouti 9 The West Bank and Gaza Strip 15 Diameter 4 Egypt 10 Iraq 16 Saudi Arabia 5 Iran 11 Jordan 17 Syria 6 Lebanon 12 Kuwait 18 Qatar     To analyze the data in the present study, five steps are taken as follows: A)      The first step is the Lyme test B)      Step two is Hunsman Test C)      Step three is examination of the lack of self-correlation D)      Step four is test of variance of heterogeneity E)      Step five is final Estimate of Model   Findings and discussion Table 1 shows the results of the model's final estimation in MENA countries. Since the probability values of  (0.000) are smaller than 0.05. Therefore, the significance of the whole model is verified. The z values and the resulting probabilities for the model explanatory variables indicate that all the explanatory variables used in the model are statistically significant and have a positive sign. This indicates their positive impact on their dependent variable, which is also consistent with theoretical foundations. The higher the explanatory variable coefficient, the greater its significance, and vice versa, the lower the coefficient of the explanatory variable, indicates the greater attention to that variable in economic policy.     Table 1. Results obtained from the final estimation of the model Variable Coefficient Standard deviation The statistics Z Probability C (Width from source( -1/35 0/853 -1/59 0/112 start 0/0975 0.014 6/83 0/000 dealing 0/111 0/006 16/87 0/000 enforce 0/113 0/008 12/87 0/000 credit 0/108 0/005 20/84 0/000 elec 0/106 0/006 17/69 0/000 tax 0/1092 0/006 17/34 0/000 protect 0/1090 0/006 17/14 0/000 regist 0/077 0/007 10/13 0/000 trading 0/084 0/004 18/38 0/000 resolving 0/117 0/005 22/17 0/000 Prob>  = 0/000 (10)=  27030/54   Conclusion According to the estimated results, all parameters have the expected symbol and their mark corresponds to the theoretical expectation. In the model, all indicators have a positive effect on the ease of doing business environment, and each of them increases the total score of these countries in the index of business environment. According to the results, the payback component has the greatest impact on the improvement of the business environment, and then the implementation of the contracts and terms of obtaining the license of the next level will be influenced by the impact.}, keywords = {Business Environment,Ease of Doing Business,Improving the Business environment,MENA Region}, title_fa = {بررسی و اولویت‌بندی عوامل مؤثر بر بهبود فضای کسب‌وکار در کشورهای منطقه منا}, abstract_fa = {بهبود فضای کسب‌وکار همواره به‌عنوان یکی از اهداف اصلی نظام‌های اقتصادی حاکم در کشورها مطرح بوده است و راه‌های دستیابی به این هدف، سؤالی است که ذهن سیاست‌گذاران را به خود مشغول کرده است. در این پژوهش تلاش شده است تا عوامل مؤثر بر بهبود فضای کسب‌وکار بر اساس شاخص سهولت کسب‌وکار بانک جهانی موردبررسی قرار گیرد و اهمیت این عوامل به ترتیب اولویت مورد شناسایی قرار گیرد. پژوهش حاضر با داده‌های پانلی ۱7 کشور منطقه منا در بازه زمانی 2010 تا 2015 انجام‌شده است. در این مطالعه از یک مدل رگرسیونی استفاده‌شده است، که میزان تأثیر هر یک از زیر شاخص‌های فضای کسب‌وکار بر روی بهبود فضای کسب‌وکار را موردبررسی قرار می‌دهد. با توجه نتایج حاصله مؤلفه پرداخت دیون بیشترین تأثیر را بر بهبود فضای کسب‌وکار دارد و بعدازآن اجرای قراردادها و شرایط و مقررات اخذ مجوز رتبه‌های بعدی را ازنظر تأثیرگذاری به خود اختصاص می‌دهند.}, keywords_fa = {فضای کسب‌وکار,سهولت انجام کسب‌وکار,بهبود فضای کسب‌وکار,منطقه منا}, url = {https://jiba.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_7595.html}, eprint = {https://jiba.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_7595_7cef7355c2ca2d75399e869ef9613e34.pdf} } @article { author = {Abbasi Esfanjani, Hosein and Morsali, Roya and khodaei gargari, Mohammad taghi}, title = {Investigating the effect of force factors on the relationship between marketing culture and export performance of manufacturing companies in Zanjan province}, journal = {Journal of International Business Administration}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, pages = {21-35}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تبریز}, issn = {2588-5057}, eissn = {2717-2465}, doi = {10.22034/jiba.2018.7590}, abstract = {Introduction The aim of this study was to explain the necessity of paying attention to customers, competitors and inter-sectoral coordination for the effectiveness of marketing programs and the effect of moderating variables, and as a result of improving the export performance status of manufacturing companies. Accordingly, research literature has been reviewed with an exploratory and comparative approach and the closest structure is identified for this important market. Also, export performance has been identified as one of the most important measure of success in companies and one of the structures discussed in relevant research. The main objective of the study is to determine the relationship between market orientation and export performance. Based on the research objectives, the main question of the research was as follows: "Can market orientation culture improve the export performance of exporting companies in Zanjan province and help to expand exports?" A review of literature, showed that companies that exhibit more market-oriented behavior in their export operations have a more successful export performance than companies that offer a lower level of market-oriented behaviors. However, despite numerous studies conducted in this subject field, there are still many research gaps in this area. First, many previous studies have examined the direct effect of market orientation on export performance, and various results have been reported. Some studies have confirmed the direct relationship between market orientation and export performance, while others have not confirmed the positive and significant relationship between these two variables. Other studies have also examined the impact of market orientation on export performance indirectly through other intermediary and mediator variables. Therefore, in various studies, the relationship between market orientation and the performance of companies has been explored either directly or indirectly by researchers. Considering that in addition to the mediating role of some variables in the relationship between market orientation and export performance, the effect of market orientation on export performance can be a function of environmental changes. Therefore, the study of moderating variables can explain the dichotomy of the results. In addition, the scope of studies should also be increased on the moderating variables of the relationship between market orientation and export performance. Therefore, in this study, the effect of factors of company size and lifetime was proposed as moderating variables on the relationship between market orientation and export performance.   Methods To achieve the research purpose, survey method was used and 129 completed questionnaires were collected. A sample of 190 individuals from a set of managers, experts, experts, owners and owners of exporting companies in Zanjan province was computed using Morgan table and selected by simple random sampling method. Data collection completed by fieldwork and by referring to the workplace of the sample members using a questionnaire. Also, financial documents and corporate documents were used to measure the export performance of the companies studied. In order to analyze the collected data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. To determine the relationship between research variables and test hypothesis, we used Pearson correlation coefficient and t-test.   Findings and discussion Review of literature and research background showed that companies that exhibit more market-oriented behavior in their export operations have a more successful export performance than companies that offer a lower level of market-oriented behaviors. However, numerous studies conducted in this area, there are still many research gaps in this area. First, many previous studies have examined the direct effect of market orientation on export performance, have been reported various results. Some studies have confirmed the direct relationship between market orientation and export performance, while others have not confirmed the positive and significant relationship between these two variables. Other studies have also examined the impact of market orientation on export performance indirectly through other intermediary and mediator variables. Therefore, in various studies, the relationship between market orientation and the performance of companies has been explored either directly or indirectly by researchers. Considering that in addition to the role of mediators and intermediary relationships of some variables in the relationship between market orientation and export performance, the effect of market orientation on export performance can be a function of environmental changes. Therefore, the study of moderating variables in this study is part of the dichotomy of the results explained. Additionally, the scope of studies on the moderating variables of the relationship between market orientation and export performance has also been increased due to the impact of the company''s size and life force factors as moderating variables. The relationship between market orientation and export performance was tested by Pearson correlation test at 95% confidence level. Also, company size and life were tested as two factors or two moderating variables in the relationship between market orientation and export performance in three levels of small, medium and large companies, as well as low, medium and high life span. The size of the company was determined based on the natural logarithm of the total assets of the company in the balance sheet and in the year of the research period and the life of the company, based on the number of years elapsed since the company was founded. According to the results, the positive and significant impact of marketing culture on the export performance of units was confirmed except the small manufacturing units. In other words, the life of the manufacturing unit has no effect on the relationship between marketing culture and export performance; however, observing the correlation coefficient shows that the correlation with the increase in the life of the business and the size of the company increases. Accordingly, it can be claimed that in large and long life units, it is possible to exploit the impact of the attitude toward the market to increase export performance more intensively. Based on the main hypotheses of the research, the relationship between each aspect of market orientation with financial and non-financial aspects of export performance was tested in the form of sub-hypotheses. Regarding the correlation coefficients and the relationship between customer orientation and competitor orientation with each of the financial dimensions of the export performance as well as the significant level or the calculated level of error for testing the hypothesis is more than 5% (Sig> 0/05), as well as the value of the test statistic is less than the absolute value of 1.96. Therefore, by rejecting the H1 hypothesis and confirming the hypothesis H0, the direct relationship between market orientation with the operating profit margin, return on equity and return on equity was not approved. However, a direct and significant direct relationship between customer orientation and competitor orientation with non-monetary dimensions of export performance, that is, the export success perceived by the manager, the satisfaction of the manager from the export performance and the achievement of export goals, was confirmed by the manager. Because, the values ​​of positive correlation coefficients are significantly less than 5% and the absolute value of the test statistic is greater than 1.96. However, these results are different in the third dimension of market orientation. The positive values ​​of the correlation coefficients in the study of the relationship between inter-functional coordination as the third dimension of market orientation with each of the financial and non-financial aspects of export performance as well as the significance level or the calculated level of error for the hypothesis test is less than 5% (Sig}, keywords = {Export Performance,Market Orientation Culture,Competitor Orientation,Inter-functional Coordination}, title_fa = {بررسی تاثیر عوامل نیرویی در رابطه بین فرهنگ بازاریابی و عملکرد صادراتی شرکت‌های تولیدی صادراتی استان زنجان}, abstract_fa = { پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی رابطه بین بازارگرایی و عملکرد صادراتی در شرکت­های تولیدی صادراتی انجام شده است. به­منظور دستیابی به هدف تحقیق و تبیین ضرورت توجه به مشتریان و رقبا در رسیدن به عملکرد مطلوب، ادبیات پژوهش با رویکرد اکتشافی و تطبیقی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. همچنین، با روش تحقیق پیمایشی، داده­های میدانی برای آزمون فرضیات با استفاده از ابزار پرسشنامه و با مراجعه به 129 نفر از مدیران، کارشناسان، خبرگان و صاحبان شرکت­های تولیدی صادراتی استان زنجان جمع­آوری شد. متغیر بازارگرایی در سه بُعد مشتری­گرایی، رقیب­گرایی و هماهنگی بین­بخشی و عملکرد صادراتی در بُعد مالی و غیرمالی موردسنجش و اندازه‌گیری قرار گرفت. نتایج تحلیل داده­ها با آزمون همبستگی پیرسون، بیانگر رابطه مستقیم و همبستگی مثبت و معنی­دار بین بازارگرایی و عملکرد صادراتی را در شرکت­های موردمطالعه است (51/0=r). محاسبه ضریب تعیین؛ یعنی توان دوم ضریب همبستگی(R2) و بررسی تأثیر بازارگرایی بر عملکرد صادراتی، نشان داد که 5/25 درصد تغییرات در عملکرد صادراتی در شرکت­های مذکور به بازارگرایی بستگی دارد. همچنین، بررسی تأثیر اندازه و عمر شرکت در رابطه بین بازارگرایی و عملکرد صادراتی در سه سطح شرکت­های کوچک، متوسط و بزرگ با طول عمر کم، متوسط و زیاد نشان داد که اندازه شرکت و عمر شرکت رابطه بین بازارگرایی و عملکرد صادراتی را به­طور مثبت تعدیل می­کند؛ به این­صورت که در شرکت­های کوچک، نقش و تأثیر بازارگرایی بر عملکرد صادراتی ضعیف است و این نتیجه با شرایط و الزامات ورود شرکت­ها به بازارهای بین­المللی تناسب و هم­خوانی کامل دارد.}, keywords_fa = {عملکرد صادراتی,فرهنگ بازارگرایی,مشتری‌گرایی,رقیب‌گرایی,هماهنگی بین‌بخشی}, url = {https://jiba.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_7590.html}, eprint = {https://jiba.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_7590_6f6a3a02676be31208d9cc8ed35b139c.pdf} } @article { author = {Fazeli Cebria, Hamed and Azami, Omid and Azami, Bahareh}, title = {Investigating the intensity of correlation of performance and relative efficiency of firms on each other in order to improve management}, journal = {Journal of International Business Administration}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, pages = {37-53}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تبریز}, issn = {2588-5057}, eissn = {2717-2465}, doi = {10.22034/jiba.2018.7591}, abstract = {Introduction The purpose of this research is to investigate how to improve management performance in stock market companies. This research is correlational and the software used are Tops software and Eviews version 10. The statistical society consists of 12 banks and 64 companies in the stock market. The two main questions of this study are whether firms' performance affects each other to improve management. And whether business performance is correlated with each other to improve management. Five hypotheses are proposed in this research. For this research, the Rose model (2016) and the co-analysis method have been used. The data of this research is of a mixed type and is collected from the Stock Exchange website. The results of this research include those that correlate the performance of firms based on the profitability and leverage ratios with corporate performance based on corporate governance. Effective bank is solid in analyzing the data coverage with the leasing firm and the inefficient bank is strongly correlated with the investment venture. In the Topsis method, the top rated bank is strongly correlated with the leasing company, and the weaker bank with the leasing company has strongly correlated badges they gave.       Method   The BBC model is a nonlinear model and it is for evaluating of investigation unit that can be manipulated to linearize it in two ways: maximizing the numerator and keep fixed denominator that generates the BBC multiplier of axis input model or minimizes the denominator and keep fixed the numerator that is the generation of the BBC multiplier of axis output (Mehregan, 2012). In following, were shown the efficiency and data envelopment analysis and nonlinear and linear models of BBC.           Table4: Test the hypothesis 2                                                                                         The dependent variable Independent variable Probability statistics t Solidarity intensity Efficiency of karafrin Bank Investment  firm 0.00 0.93 Leasing firm 0.00 0.88 Brokerage firm 0.00 0.97 Amin Aftabin Company 0.04 0.76 Abyaneh Gostar Entrepreneur Company 0.04 0.76 Swap firm 0.02 0.80                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Source: Research findings by Fazeli Cebria et al (2018)   Conclusion The main purpose of banks is customer-oriented, and customer satisfaction is effective in gaining trust and the financial cycle of the bank, and this satisfaction depends on improving the performance and efficiency of the banks. The result of hypothesis 1: the performance of corporations based on corporate governance affects the performance of subsidiary firms based on profitability and leverage ratios and can be effective in improving their performance. The result of hypothesis 2: the hypothesis with the probability of less than 5 percent was confirmed and the company of the investment type has the highest correlation. The result of hypothesis 3: in hypothesis, of course, the investment company of the non-bank bank showed the most solidarity with brokerage firms. The result of hypothesis 4: in hypothesis, the relationship between the strongest correlation between subsidiaries and affiliates with the highest performance among banks is measured by Topsis, and the top bank was introduced to the Topsis Mellat, which was believed to be less than 5% of this hypothesis. The result of hypothesis 5: in hypothesis, based on the Topsis method, the correlation between the performance of the Pasargad Bank and the strongest correlation between affiliated companies with a probability of less than 5% was confirmed.}, keywords = {Solidarity,TOPSIS,Data Envelopment Analysis,performance,Corporate Governance}, title_fa = {بررسی شدت همبستگی عملکرد و کارایی شرکت‌ها بر یکدیگر در جهت بهبود مدیریت}, abstract_fa = {هدف این پژوهش بهبود عملکرد مدیریت در شرکت‌های بازار بورس اوراق بهادار است که در تحقیقات کمتر موردتوجه قرارگرفته است که در این تحقیق به بررسی آن‌ها پرداخته شد. این پژوهش از نوع همبستگی است و نرم‌افزار مورداستفاده نرم‌افزار تاپسیس خاکستری و ایویوز نسخه10 است و جامعه آماری شامل 12 بانک و 64 شرکت در بورس اوراق بهاداراست، دو سؤال مهم این پژوهش عبارت‌اند از آیا عملکرد شرکت‌ها بر یکدیگر در جهت بهبود مدیریت اثر دارد یا خیر و آیا کارایی شرکت‌ها نیز با یکدیگر در جهت بهبود مدیریت همبستگی دارد یا خیر. در این راستا 5 فرضیه مطرح‌شده است و برای این پژوهش از مدل رز (2016) و روش تحلیل پوشش داده‌ای استفاده‌شده است. داده‌های این پژوهش از نوع ترکیبی است و از سایت بورس اوراق بهادار جمع‌آوری‌شده است. نتایج این پژوهش شامل این موارد است که همبستگی بین عملکرد شرکت‌ها بر مبنای نسبت‌های سودآوری و اهرمی با عملکرد شرکت‌ها بر مبنای حاکمیت شرکتی وجود دارد و بانک کارا در تحلیل پوششی داده‌ها با شرکت کارگزاری و بانک ناکارا با شرکت سرمایه‌گذاری همبستگی شدید داشتند و درروش تاپسیس، بانک دارای رتبه برتر و بانک دارای رتبه ضعیف‌تر با شرکت لیزینگ همبستگی شدید نشان دادند.}, keywords_fa = {شدت همبستگی,تاپسیس,تحلیل پوششی داده‌ها,عملکرد,حاکمیت شرکتی}, url = {https://jiba.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_7591.html}, eprint = {https://jiba.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_7591_d8db2672f1fc05a920b44d05c8f024ef.pdf} } @article { author = {Salmani Bishak, Mohammad Reza and Farzi, Nasrin}, title = {Influence of inflow of foreign direct investment on the international sourcing strategies in Iranian service sector}, journal = {Journal of International Business Administration}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, pages = {55-73}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تبریز}, issn = {2588-5057}, eissn = {2717-2465}, doi = {10.22034/jiba.2018.7226}, abstract = {Introduction The service sector has long been recognized as an energizing force in the global economy and determinant of national livin standards (e.g., Riddle, 1986). Since the 1980s, a growing proportion of world trade is attributed to commercial service trade (WTO, 2013). Despite rising scholarly attention toward the service sector, the question of how service firms cope with the increased competitive pressures associated with internationalization remains unanswered. This study addresses this gap and explores to which extent international sourcing strategies are used by service firms as a means to contend with competition. To approach this question, we develop hypotheses on the effects of domestic and foreign competitive forces on international sourcing behavior of service firms. We empirically test our theoretical predictions using Time series dataset of Iran service firms. In the present research will be examined, the linear and nonlinear ARDL approach to the relationship between the share of domestic market and foreign direct investment with the amount of imports. The results of this study indicate that the decrease of foreign investment has had a significant and more effect on the economy compared to its increase, which could indicate weakness and lack of motivation of Iran's service industries to improve service performance in the absence of external competitors.   MethodsIn this research, the linear and nonlinear ARDL approach for the period 1362-1394 will be examined to assess the impact of competition on international sources of resources in the service sector. To do this, we first examine the reliability of the variables and then the long-term relationship with the ARDL test is investigated. Findings and Argument Estimation of long-term coefficients: The results of estimating long-run coefficients are shown in Table (1). These coefficients show the significant effects of increasing and decreasing the import of service sectors on foreign direct investment and the share of the domestic market. According to the results, a one percent increase in foreign investment could lead to an increase of 0.7% in the import of services. On the other hand, a 1% reduction in foreign investment could lead to a 5.7% decrease in imports of services. The results of this study indicate that the decrease of foreign investment has had a significant and significant effect on the economy compared to its increase, which could indicate weakness and lack of motivation of Iran's service industries to improve service performance in the absence of external competitors. The result for POS confirms that the international behavior of domestic competitors and the domestic investment of foreign competitors has had a positive impact on the decision of service providers in the international context. Also, a one percent increase in the share of domestic market and domestic inflation, respectively, resulted in a decrease of 0.64% and 15% in imports of services.   Table 1. Estimation of long-term parameters   Dependent variable   LIM Independent variables Coefficients prob Intercept 20/61 0/000 POS 0/75 0/008 NEG -5/07 0/007 Log Market Share -0/64 0/22 Log Inflation -0/15 0/48  Source: Research findings                                                               Conclusion Tracking resource strategies for service firms will increase the influence of the domestic market by Foreign Service firms. Such conflicts of foreign competitors on the domestic markets of the firm are alarming. As they show some of the benefits of foreign competitors more than the domestic one, enabling them to compete effectively in that market. Therefore, this study provides empirical evidence that domestic services, when faced with increasing competition with external competitors, change their value chain architecture in favor of input resources from external locations to compensate for some disadvantages. Our findings have important implications for managers. The market share proves that it is a decisive factor affecting an international service evaluation strategy. Using nonlinear framework, long-term relationships were investigated. Further, the findings indicate that the increase in direct foreign investment has increased the significance of the volume of imports of the services sector, while its reduction has significantly reduced the import volume in this sector in the Iranian economy. Therefore, policymakers should consider the nonlinear effects of direct foreign investment shocks, so that the policies developed can be able to maintain an environment favorable to competition and boost economic growth.}, keywords = {Service multinationals,International sourcing,Competition,Inwarforeign direct investment}, title_fa = {تأثیر جریان ورودی سرمایه‌گذاری مستقیم خارجی بر استراتژی تأمین منابع بین المللی صنایع خدماتی ایران}, abstract_fa = {امروزه افزایش اهمیت صنایع خدماتی و تجارت خدمات بین‌الملل منجر به افزایش رقابت در بخش خدمات شده است. برای بنگاه‌های خدماتی، گرایش‌های بین‌المللی قوی و رو به رشد، با وجود اینکه فرصت‌های کسب‌وکار را در بازارهای جدید جغرافیایی ارائه می‌دهد اما چالش‌های قابل‌توجهی نیز در ارتباط با رقابت شدید ایجاد می کند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تاثیر سرمایه‌گذاری داخلی رقبای خارجی بر استراتژی رقابت بنگاه‌های خدماتی داخل کشور در سطح بین‌المللی بر اساس اطلاعات صنایع خدماتی ایران طی دوره 1362- 1394 پرداخته است. جهت تحلیل داده‌ها از روش اقتصادسنجی ARDL خطی و غیرخطی استفاده‌شده است. نتایج پژوهش حاکی از عدم وجود رابطه بلندمدت در چارچوب خطی می‌باشد. بنابراین با استفاده از چارچوب غیرخطی به بررسی وجود روابط بلندمدت پرداخته شد. یافته­ها بیانگر تاثیر نامتقارن سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی بر تامین منابع بین المللی بنگاه های خدماتی می باشد  به عبارتی افزایش سرمایه‌گذاری مستقیم خارجی باعث افزایش معنی­داری در میزان واردات بخش خدمات شده ولی کاهش سرمایه‌گذاری مستقیم خارجی تأثیر معنی‌دار و قویتری بر کاهش تامین منابع بین المللی توسط بنگاه های خدماتی داخلی داشته است. همچنین سهم بازار داخلی مطابق انتظارات تئوریکی تاثیر منفی بر استراتژی تامین منابع بین المللی بر بنگاه های خدماتی دارد ولی از نظر آماری معنی دار نمی باشد.}, keywords_fa = {تجارت خدمات,تأمین منابع بین‌المللی,رقابت,سرمایه‌گذاری مستقیم خارجی}, url = {https://jiba.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_7226.html}, eprint = {https://jiba.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_7226_2d525c171d98a9b0945a9a15342b502b.pdf} } @article { author = {Aghajani, Habib and Ghasemi Hamedani, Parisa}, title = {Assessing the effects of devaluation on employment in selected Islamic Countries}, journal = {Journal of International Business Administration}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, pages = {75-91}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تبریز}, issn = {2588-5057}, eissn = {2717-2465}, doi = {10.22034/jiba.2018.7593}, abstract = {Introduction  Employment was undoubtedly one of the main problems of industrial and non-industrial countries. Governors are always looking for ways to preserve, stabilize and enhance it, besides that, they have been looking for solutions to the obstacles they face. In other words, the main goals of any economic system are to minimize unemployment. Many factors, such as GDP, tax revenue, inflation and commercial openness, affect the employment of countries. By determining their relationship, along with the growth of the economy, employment growth can also be expected. Accordingly, the present study uses data from nine countries and uses the panel data method over the years 2000-2013 to investigate the depreciation of money on the employment of selected Islamic countries. The results confirm that currency devaluation (real exchange rate increase), GDP, tax revenue, inflation rate, and commercial openness have a significant effect on selected employment from selected Islamic countries)Iran, Indonesia, Egypt, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Jordan, Kuwait and UAE).   Literature and theoretical framework Some of the most important and critical factors that any economy faces, are the issue of preventing unemployment, preserving and consolidating employment in the various sectors of the economy and providing solutions to the problems of production. So that unemployment reduction is one of the most basic indicators of development of societies. The exchange rate fluctuation can affect the employment of sectors. Because employment in all economic matters is a key and strategic argument and has two segments of supply and demand. The supply side resulting from population changes includes population growth, immigration, and education levels in the community and the demand side affected by the level of activity, the growth of various sectors of the economy, such as agriculture, industry and services (Sydaee et al 2011). The impact of the devaluation of money on employment is likely to be of great importance. Therefore, the effect of these two variables is considered in several Islamic countries. Research hypotheses, main hypothesis: Devaluation (real exchange rate increase) has a significant effect on the employment of selected Islamic countries. Sub-hypothesis: (A) GDP has significant effects on the employment of selected Islamic countries. (B) Income tax on employment of selected Islamic countries has a significant effect. (C) Inflation rate has a significant effect on the employment of selected Islamic countries. (D)Trade openness has a significant effect on the employment of selected Islamic countries. Determining the effects of exchange rate on production by three models of control, absorption and monetary are proposed. The basic assumptions of these approaches are the flexibility of prices, the degree of capacity utilization, and the emphasis on demand. In the controlling approach, if a reduction in the value of the domestic currency would improve the trade balance to domestic currency total production increases in the short and long term. In the absorption model if production capacity and unused resources exist in the economy, production may increase. In the monetary model, there is no effect on production in the short and long term, and production is in full employment .situation.  On the other hand, there are some ideas that indicate the negative effects of devaluation on production. Including Krugman and Taylor (1978), using Keynes's framework, showed that the devaluation of domestic currency had a contraction effect on production and employment. Bahmani Skooie and Mitzea (2003, p. 5) showed, devaluated money increases prices of production factors such as raw materials, capital and labor. Similarly, production costs increase and total supply decreases. Also, with devaluation, there is an increase in money demand, which ultimately leads to an increase in interest rates, this will increase the cost of capital use in such a situation, producers' motivation for production and supply decreases. Examples of studies in this area include the following: Dogan et al. (2018), with the dynamic Panel data method in the period 2006-2015, concluded that the appreciation through the creation of businesses by companies would increase Turkey's employment rate. Zobeiri and Nademi (2016) proved that the Markov Switching method has been used for the years 1974-2014 in a research, in the high unemployment regime, the exchange rate gap is causing severe unemployment in the Iranian economy.   Methods In this study, mixed data and combined data have been used. Combined data method is a method for combining time series data and cross-sectional data.    Findings and discussion  Research hypotheses based on panel data of 9 selected Islamic countries (Iran, Indonesia, Egypt, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Jordan, Kuwait and the UAE), during 2000-2013, by the panel data approach were examined. The main hypothesis is that devaluation (rising real exchange rate) has a significant effect on employment in selected Islamic countries. This hypothesis is accepted. The results indicate that in the studied countries, with an increase of 1% in the logarithm of the official exchange rate, employment is reduced by 0.0 26% and with an increase of 1% in the real effective exchange rate logarithm, employment is reduced by 0/036 0%. The rest of the research hypothesis were approved except for the impact of inflation on employment.}, keywords = {Real Exchange Rate,Employment,Inflation,GDP,Panel Data}, title_fa = {ارزیابی اثرات کاهش ارزش پول بر اشتغال در کشورهای منتخب اسلامی}, abstract_fa = {اشتغال بی‌شک یکی از معضلات اساسی کشورهای صنعتی و غیر صنعتی بوده و دولتمردان همواره به دنبال راهکارهایی در راستای حفظ، تثبیت و افزایش آن بوده­اند. مؤلفه‌های بسیاری همچون تولید ناخالص داخلی، درآمد مالیاتی، نرخ تورم و باز بودن تجاری بر اشتغال کشورها تأثیرگذارند که با تعیین نوع ارتباط آن­ها، در کنار رشد و شکوفایی اقتصاد، افزایش اشتغال را نیز می­توان متصور شد. بر همین اساس، مطالعه حاضر با استفاده از آمار و اطلاعات ۹ کشور و با به‌کارگیری روش پانل دیتا به بررسی کاهش ارزش پول بر اشتغال کشورهای منتخب اسلامی می­پردازد. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده مؤید این است که کاهش ارزش پول (افزایش نرخ واقعی ارز)، تولید ناخالص داخلی، درآمد مالیاتی و باز بودن تجاری بر اشتغال منتخبی از کشورهای منتخب اسلامی تأثیر معنی­داری دارد.}, keywords_fa = {نرخ واقعی ارز,اشتغال,نرخ تورم,تولید ناخالص داخلی,پانل دیتا}, url = {https://jiba.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_7593.html}, eprint = {https://jiba.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_7593_fd904647676830149f76076fe8cc79a2.pdf} } @article { author = {Faryabi, Mohammad and Rezazadeh, Ali and Bazmohammadi, Saeid}, title = {Investigating the relationship between coordination of international marketing-human resource functions with the effectiveness of marketing strategy implementation in export companies}, journal = {Journal of International Business Administration}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, pages = {93-110}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تبریز}, issn = {2588-5057}, eissn = {2717-2465}, doi = {10.22034/jiba.2018.7224}, abstract = {Introduction The process of strategic management requires many mutual interactions. Thus, effective collaboration is required between top executive management and managers of other functional departments in order to implement strategies successfully. The necessity of this coordination between the functions of international marketing and human resources is due to the different nature of their goals. Because the main responsibility of the marketing function is to meet the long-term needs of customers, while human resource department pursues providing performance-related benefits for employees (Chimhanzi, 2004; Chimhanzi & Morgan, 2005). In an effort to address these important objectives, each function is subjected to the pressure of other functions; therefore, more conflicts occur between them. Although these concepts have largely been developed over the past three decades, little attention has been paid to the empirical investigation of interactions between marketing and other functional units, including human resources in the success of strategy implementation. Regarding this, in the present research, the coordination of international marketing-human resource functions with the effectiveness of marketing strategy implementation in the context of export companies is examined. Placement of organizations in turbulent and uncertain environments necessitates the effective implementation and development of inter-functional coordination among different parts of an organization (Mohsen & Eng, 2016). On the other hand, market-oriented firms’ success relies on the coordination between various sectors, and this coordination is necessary to meet the market demands and promote marketing performance (Mohsen & Eng, 2016). Giannakis and Harker (2014) demonstrated the necessity of the alignment of HRM policies with relationship marketing in order to achieve organizational goals. Recently, researches by Chimhangzi and Morgan have been carried out on the necessity of the coordination between the functions of international marketing and human resources; they emphasized the need for coordination among these functions for the effectiveness of marketing strategy implementation grounded on Anderson's constituency-based theory of the firm (Chimhanzi & Morgan, 2005). In this vein, the data were collected by distributing 54 questionnaires to export companies. Responses to questionnaire items were measured on five-point Likert scales where 1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree. Stepwise regression analysis was utilized to investigate the causal relationships between independent and dependent variables. Results provide support for the main hypotheses of the research that there is a positive relationship between the relationship effectiveness and the effectiveness of marketing strategy implementation and a negative relationship between the inter-functional conflict and the effectiveness of marketing strategy implementation.   Methods The data were collected by distributing 54 questionnaires to export companies participating in non-oil export development conference held in Tabriz. Each questionnaire included 41 questions and responses to the items were measured on five-point Likert scales where 1 = ʻstrongly disagreeʼ and 5 = ʻstrongly agreeʼ. Spearman's rank correlation test was used for bivariate analyses and to investigate the causal relationships between independent and dependent variables, stepwise regression analysis was implemented.   Findings and argument Results revealed that joint reward system, senior management support and social orientation have positive and significant effect on relationship effectiveness. In addition, the negative and significant impact of mechanical structure, formal communications and social orientation on inter-functional conflict is supported.   Results also demonstrated that the relationship effectiveness has positive and significant effect on marketing strategy implementation effectiveness; furthermore, inter-functional conflict affects significantly marketing strategy implementation effectiveness in a negative way. Figure 1 shows a summary of the results. As outlined, the continuous lines represent supported hypotheses, while dash lines represent paths that have not been confirmed.   Relationship quality Mechanical structure Joint reward system Senior management support Formal communications Social orientation Relationship effectiveness Inter-functional conflict Marketing strategy implementation effectiveness                             Figure 1. Conceptual model demonstrating outcomes of stepwise regression analysis      Conclusion and recommendations The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the international marketing-human resource functions with the effectiveness of marketing strategy implementation in the context of export companies. The main findings of the study confirmed the hypothesized relationships among the research variables. In this regard, according to the results of the regression tests, joint reward system had the strongest positive relationship with the relationship effectiveness, whereas the mechanical structure had the strongest negative relationship with inter-functional conflict. Also, among the five independent variables of the study, only social orientation affects both dimensions of relationship quality. Moreover, considering the results of the regression test in the third stage, it can be suggested that in order to achieve the effectiveness in marketing strategy implementation, creating effective relationships between different functions is of utmost importance; on the other hand, efforts should be made to reduce conflict between functional units. Overall, research findings confirm that firms are able to gain competitive advantage by coordinating international marketing- human resource functions.}, keywords = {Inter-functional Coordination,Marketing Function,Human Resource Function,Marketing Strategy,Strategy Implementation}, title_fa = {بررسی رابطه‌ی هماهنگی کارکردهای بازاریابی بین المللی ـ منابع‌انسانی با اثربخشی اجرای استراتژی بازاریابی در شرکت‌های صادراتی}, abstract_fa = {افزایش عملکرد و کسب مزیت رقابتی بویژه در بازارهای متلاطم بین المللی توسط سازمان‌ها مستلزم اثربخشی اجرای استراتژی بازاریابی است. از طرف دیگر ایده‌ی هماهنگی و یکپارچگی، محور مفهوم مدیریت استراتژیک می‌باشد. با این وجود نقش روابط متقابل حوزه‌های کارکردی مختلف در اثربخشی اجرای استراتژی بازاریابی کمتر مطالعه شده است. از این رو در این تحقیق تلاش گردیده که با توجه به تئوری مدیریت استراتژیک فرضیه‌ی اصلی وجود رابطه میان هماهنگی کارکردهای بازاریابی بین المللی- منابع‌انسانی و اثربخشی اجرای استراتژی بازاریابی همراه با فرضیه‌های فرعی مربوطه آزمون شود. داده‌های مورد استفاده برای آزمون این فرضیه‌ها به‌وسیله‌ی پرسشنامه از 54 شرکت صادراتی گردآوری شده است. نتایج آزمون رگرسیون مرحله‌ای برای تحلیل داده‌ها، فرضیه‌های اصلی پژوهش مبنی بر وجود رابطه‌ی مثبت بین اثربخشی روابط و اثربخشی اجرای استراتژی بازاریابی و رابطه‌ی منفی بین تعارض میان‌کارکردی و اثربخشی اجرای استراتژی بازاریابی را تأیید می‌کند. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش می­تواند مورد استفاده مدیران بنگاه­های تولیدی قرار گیرد.}, keywords_fa = {هماهنگی میان‌کارکردی,کارکرد بازاریابی بین‌المللی,کارکرد منابع‌انسانی,استراتژی بازاریابی,اجرای استراتژی}, url = {https://jiba.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_7224.html}, eprint = {https://jiba.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_7224_7bce2b5cf374ac66a52bf2b90ca3e683.pdf} } @article { author = {Danesh shakib, Masoumeh}, title = {A dynamic model of investment development and improvement of competitive advantage: The case of Iran industrial clusters}, journal = {Journal of International Business Administration}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, pages = {111-134}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تبریز}, issn = {2588-5057}, eissn = {2717-2465}, doi = {10.22034/jiba.2018.7597}, abstract = {Introduction Clusters are suitable methods for creating competitive advantage, not only for enterprises of the same cluster, but for the country on which the clusters are based. In Iran, although more than 90% of the industries are small and medium-sized enterprises, unfortunately, these firms have not been able to make a significant contribution to the creation of added value and suffer from severe deficits. This paper intend to provide and examine a model for the development of industrial clusters and the effects of different policies applying system dynamic approach. The proposed conceptual model includes the interaction of cluster size, resources, staff, market demand, production capacity, profitability, and investment. Considered policies include firms' strategies such as increasing the utilization of production capacity, reducing lead time as well as national and international policies, including granting low-interest governmental loans, and sanctions cancellation. The results show that if the intended policies apply, the cluster get bigger and grow faster.   Literature and the theoretical background Nowadays, in most countries, Smalland Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) play important roles, ranging from the various aspects of economy, manufacturing and offering services. In many countries, these industries are the major suppliers of employment, evolution, innovation, and are pioneer in novel technology invention. Unfortunately, in Iran, despite a significant presence of small industries, such enterprises face numerous challenges because of the same approach in policy making and regardless of the scale of production units. Thus, playing of expected role like the developed and developing countries have been a failure. Therefore, the development of this sector of industry predisposes the endogenous development of the country and accelerates industrial growth. The industrial clusters are known as one of the successful organizing patterns of SMEs which eliminates the SMEs weaknesses and reinforces the various advantages of small business, like flexibility and diversification. Today, planning of the development of Smalland Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), based on clustering approach, is considered as a method for achieving the developmental goals in many countries. Although industrial clusters have high potential for ongoing economic growth, the development is a difficult affair. However, it is normal that enterprises inside a cluster are influenced by evolutions; therefore in cluster developmental planning, the impacts of the factors should be considered; the determination of such factors is important because appropriate scenario can be launched and the better practice plans can be implemented, the existing potential in the cluster in favor of stakeholders interests can be effectively used, which will result to sustainable development. Therefore, the relationships between involved factors in the success of industrial clusters should be organized by suitable structure which will result in the creation of a coherence model of clear relationship of factors. This study presents a quantitative model for the development of industrial clusters. For this purpose, variables affecting the development of industrial clusters including cluster size, interaction of clusters with suppliers, staff, internal and external market demand, production capacity, training and research institutions are represented in a dynamic model. Then, the impacts of different policies on the development of industrial clusters that are vital to the industrial and national competitive advantage are examined. Therefore, the following objectives will be pursued: To provide a dynamic model of industrial clusters development. To examine the behavior of main variables in the model. To analyze decision-making scenarios using simulation of mentioned variables behavior.   Method In general, simulation is a process of designing a model based on a real system. The purpose of simulation is to provide models that are close to reality as much as possible. In systems dynamic method, it is possible to study and examine the effect of varying one agent while other factors are constant. Therefore, new perspectives are achieved toward system specifications.Doing so with real systems is rarely possible and even if carried out, it would be very costly and time consuming. Also, the effect of different policies on the system can be examined through the model and its sensitivity to internal and external changing conditions studied. For this purpose, by using decision variables and explanations presented in the previous section, the dynamic model for industrial clusters development was provided. This model will be able to study the behavior of reference modes and analyze the impact of different decisions on these variables. Hence, the present study can be applied to compare different policies of industrial clusters development.   Findings and discussion To analyze a system, its components needs to be identified and their relationship with each other examined. This paper evaluated the impact of specific policies on cluster development, using system dynamic approach. According to the literature review, dynamic conceptual model of clusters includes cluster size, cluster interaction with supplier, number of skilled staffs, local workforce, market demand, production capacity, innovation, profitability and investments, expenses and incomes, loans and government support etc. Graphical representation of the problem helps in the conceptualization of policies structure; but the diagrams will be changed to mathematical equations for computer simulation. To do so, the stock-flow models are developed according to the literature review and the casual loop diagrams earlier presented. A strategy for development of industrial clusters can be formulated in the form of internal cluster policies: 1) increasing the efficiency of employees, 2) increasing advertising, 3) reducing prices and 4) increasing the quality and performance. By increasing the efficiency of employees, increasing advertising, reducing prices and increasing the quality and performance; the key variables of production capacity, skilled labor, cluster size, profitability, total demand, intermediate goods and competitive advantage, which are the main factors of the development of industrial clusters, upgrade to a higher level. Another desirable strategy to develop industrial cluster is optimal investment, as follows: 1) increasing investment in research and development activities; 2) increasing investment in production capacity (machinery). By increasing investment in research and development activities and increasing investment in production capacity; key variables such as production capacity, skilled labor, cluster size, profitability, total demand, intermediate goods and competitive advantage, which are the main factors for the development of industrial clusters, are upgraded to a higher level. The main goal of the present paper is to develop the competitive advantage of industrial clusters. Therefore, an optimal strategy for maintaining industrial cluster development is the following: 1) increasing the level of technology; 2) increasing the level of innovation; 3) increasing the level of business intelligence. By increasing in the level of technology, innovation and business intelligence, the key variables of production capacity, skilled labor, cluster size, profitability, total demand, intermediate goods and competitive advantage, which are the main factors for the development of industrial clusters, are upgraded and placed at a higher level.   Conclusions In this study, system dynamic modeling was used to simulate various policies impact on the industrial clusters development. Here, some of the decisions were studied and analyzed as scenarios and acceptable results were obtained. Some of them are as follows: The model consists of 7 main variables. These variables include: the number of cluster firms (cluster size), the number of clerical professional labor force, production capacity, raw material stock, total demand, profitability and competitive advantage As a result, the model predicts the development of industrial clusters in 96 months or 8 years. The model of causal relations was developed for the development of industrial clusters. The fellow diagram was presented. Policies within the cluster, including changes in employee productivity, advertising, price and quality and performance, have a significant impact on the development of industrial clusters and will promote key variables. Investment policies on research and development activities and production capacity (machinery) can affect the development of industrial clusters and will promote key variables. Competitive advantage in addition to low cost, which leads to profitability, will be created by technology, business intelligence and innovation. The effects of competitive advantage will appear after a period of time, which will change the main variables after several months of competitive advantage changes.}, keywords = {Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs),Industrial Clusters,System Dynamic (SD),Competitive Advantage}, title_fa = {ارائه مدل پویای توسعه سرمایه‌گذاری و بهبود مزیت رقابتی خوشه‌های صنعتی ایران}, abstract_fa = {در کشورهای درحال‌توسعه، صنایع کوچک و متوسط عامل راهبردی برای توسعه اقتصادی، اشتغال‌زایی و رقابت‌پذیری صنایع می‌باشند. در ایران باوجوداینکه بیش از 90 درصد صنایع را بنگاه‌های کوچک و متوسط تشکیل می‌دهند، اما این بنگاه‌ها نتوانسته‌اند سهم قابل‌توجهی در ایجاد ارزش‌افزوده داشته باشند و از کمبودهای شدید رنج می‌برند. پژوهش حاضر پس از بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر توسعه بنگاه‌های کوچک و متوسط با توجه به مطالعات 25 سال اخیر و مصاحبه با اهل فن، مدلی برای توسعه خوشه‌های صنعتی (به‌عنوان روشی برای توسعه بنگاه‌های کوچک و متوسط و کسب مزیت رقابتی) ارائه می‌کند. در این راستا از رویکرد سیستم‌های پویا استفاده‌شده و روابط علت و معلولی بین متغیرها در نظر گرفته‌شده است و اثر سیاست‌های داخلی خوشه، سیاست‌های سرمایه‌گذاری و مزیت رقابتی را موردبررسی قرار می‌دهد. نتایج حاصل از شبیه‌سازی و بررسی نشان می‌دهد که چنانچه سیاست‌های در نظر گرفته‌شده اعمال شوند، خوشه سریع‌تر رشد یافته و توسعه می‌یابد.}, keywords_fa = {صنایع کوچک و متوسط,خوشه‌های صنعتی,مزیت رقابتی,سیستم‌های پویا}, url = {https://jiba.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_7597.html}, eprint = {https://jiba.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_7597_20d95e4882c6c4140461b656433f5f49.pdf} }